Example Queries

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Example Queries
All queries should control the result size. This can be done with a LIMIT or GROUP BY clause.
Please note that all Athena queries should be qualified with partition columns (year, month, day, hour) for performance reasons.
Did this IP address have any activity in my network (and in what logs)?
This is often one of the first questions asked in an investigation. Given there is some known bad indicator such as an IP address, then if there is related activity in your network/systems, a detailed investigation will be needed.
Panther makes asking such questions easy using the 'all_logs' Athena view which will search all data for the indicator of interest. Since most often the answers to these questions are negative, making this a fast and efficient operation reduces investigation time.
In this example the Panther field p_any_ip_addresses is used. Panther extracts a number of common indicator fields over all data sources into standard fields (see Panther Fields).
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-- Athena
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SELECT
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 p_log_type, count(1) AS row_count
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FROM panther_views.all_logs
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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 AND contains(p_any_ip_addresses, '1.2.3.4')
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GROUP BY p_log_type
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LIMIT 100
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-- Snowflake
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SELECT
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 p_log_type, count(1) AS row_count
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FROM panther_views.public.all_logs
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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 AND array_contains('1.2.3.4'::variant, p_any_ip_addresses)
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GROUP BY p_log_type
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LIMIT 100
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What are the top 10 IPs by row count over all logs?
Ranking activity (top or bottom) is a useful technique to gain visibility into a network. High ranking activity might help locate IP addresses involved in a DDOS attack while low ranking (change ORDER BY to ASC) might highlight sneaky activity.
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-- Athena
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SELECT
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 ip,
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 count(1) as total_rows
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FROM panther_views.all_logs
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CROSS JOIN UNNEST(p_any_ip_addresses) AS t(ip)
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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GROUP BY ip
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ORDER BY total_rows DESC
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LIMIT 100
Copied!
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-- Snowflake
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SELECT
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 ip.value as ip,
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 count(1) as total_rows
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FROM panther_views.public.all_logs, LATERAL FLATTEN(input => p_any_ip_addresses) ip
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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GROUP BY ip.value
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ORDER BY total_rows DESC
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LIMIT 100
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What are the top 10 IPs by log type over all logs?
This is a variant of the above query where we are ranking the IPs by how many data sources they show activity. This shows the degree of "reach" the IP address has over all your systems.
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-- Athena
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SELECT
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 ip,
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 count(distinct p_log_type) as datasets
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FROM
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(
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SELECT
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 p_log_type,
9
 ip
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FROM panther_views.all_logs
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CROSS JOIN UNNEST(p_any_ip_addresses) AS t(ip)
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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GROUP BY ip, p_log_type
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)
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GROUP BY ip
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ORDER BY datasets DESC
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LIMIT 100
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-- Snowflake
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SELECT
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 ip,
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 count(distinct p_log_type) as datasets
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FROM
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(
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SELECT
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 p_log_type,
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 ip. value as ip
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FROM panther_views.public.all_logs, LATERAL FLATTEN(input => p_any_ip_addresses) ip
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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GROUP BY ip.value, p_log_type
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)
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GROUP BY ip
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ORDER BY datasets DESC
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LIMIT 100
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Show VPC Flowlog activity for SSH and RDP
Remote shells typically have a human at one end. During an investigation, isolating sessions from SSH and RDP is often a standard procedure to identify specific actor activity.
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-- Athena
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SELECT
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 *
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FROM panther_logs.aws_vpcflow
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WHERE
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 p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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 AND
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 (srcport IN (22, 3389) OR dstport IN (22, 3389))
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ORDER BY p_event_time ASC
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LIMIT 100
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-- Snowflake
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SELECT
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 *
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FROM panther_logs.public.aws_vpcflow
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WHERE
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 p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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 AND
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 (srcport IN (22, 3389) OR dstport IN (22, 3389))
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ORDER BY p_event_time ASC
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LIMIT 100
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Show VPC Flowlog activity for an IP address
During an investigation often particular IP addresses are identified as being of interest (e.g, a known command and control node). Once the role of an IP address is identified, isolating and explaining that activity is of interest. This can indicate which resources are likely to be compromised.
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-- Athena
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SELECT
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 *
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FROM panther_logs.aws_vpcflow
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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 AND contains(p_any_ip_addresses, '1.2.3.4')
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ORDER BY p_event_time ASC
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LIMIT 100
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-- Snowflake
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SELECT
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 *
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FROM panther_logs.public.aws_vpcflow
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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 AND array_contains('1.2.3.4'::variant, p_any_ip_addresses)
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ORDER BY p_event_time ASC
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LIMIT 100
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Show VPC Flowlog Activity Related to CloudTrail sourceIPAddresses Doing Console Signins
If there are concerns of a credential breach, then accounting for all AWS console activity is of critical importance. This query will find all the CloudTrail sourceIPaddresses involved in console signins and then return all the VPC Flow activity related. This will show if there are common IP addresses. Of particular interest are IP addresses outside of your organization communicating with the instances as well as logging into the console. This may indicate a compromise where an unauthorized actor is accessing account resources.
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-- Athena
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WITH cloudTrailIPs as
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(SELECT
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 DISTINCT sourceIPAddress AS ip
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 FROM panther_logs.aws_cloudtrail
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 WHERE
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 p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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 AND
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 eventtype = 'AwsConsoleSignIn'
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)
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SELECT
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 *
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FROM cloudTrailIPs ips JOIN panther_logs.aws_vpcflow flow ON (ips.ip = flow.srcaddr OR ips.ip = flow.dstaddr)
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WHERE
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 p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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ORDER BY p_event_time ASC
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LIMIT 100
Copied!
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-- Snowflake
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WITH cloudTrailIPs as
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(SELECT
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 DISTINCT sourceIPAddress AS ip
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 FROM panther_logs.public.aws_cloudtrail
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 WHERE
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 p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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 AND
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 eventtype = 'AwsConsoleSignIn'
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)
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SELECT
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 *
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FROM cloudTrailIPs ips JOIN panther_logs.public.aws_vpcflow flow ON (ips.ip = flow.srcaddr OR ips.ip = flow.dstaddr)
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WHERE
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 p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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ORDER BY p_event_time ASC
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LIMIT 100
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Find all console "root" signins in CloudTrail
The root account should almost never sign into the AWS console; find all such signins.
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-- Athena
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SELECT
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 *
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FROM panther_logs.aws_cloudtrail
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WHERE
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 p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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 AND
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 eventtype = 'AwsConsoleSignIn'
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 AND
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 useridentity.arn LIKE '%root%'
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ORDER BY p_event_time ASC
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LIMIT 100
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-- Snowflake
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SELECT
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 *
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FROM panther_logs.public.aws_cloudtrail
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WHERE
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 p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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 AND
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 eventtype = 'AwsConsoleSignIn'
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 AND
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 useridentity:arn LIKE '%root%'
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ORDER BY p_event_time ASC
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LIMIT 100
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Find all the sourceIPAddresses for console logins in CloudTrail and rank
This query is similar to the above query, with the IP addresses ranked for all console logins. This helps identify which IP addresses are signing into the console while ranking the relative activity. This can often highlight anomalous behaviors.
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-- Athena
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SELECT
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 sourceipaddress,
4
 count(1) as total_rows
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FROM panther_logs.aws_cloudtrail
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WHERE
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 p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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 AND
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 eventtype = 'AwsConsoleSignIn'
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GROUP BY sourceipaddress
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ORDER BY total_rows DESC
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LIMIT 100
Copied!
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-- Snowflake
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SELECT
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 sourceipaddress,
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 count(1) as total_rows
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FROM panther_logs.public.aws_cloudtrail
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WHERE
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 p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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 AND
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 eventtype = 'AwsConsoleSignIn'
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GROUP BY sourceipaddress
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ORDER BY total_rows DESC
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LIMIT 100
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Show CloudTrail activity related to an AWS instance
During an investigation a particular instance may become the focus. For example, if it is compromised. This query uses the Panther field p_any_aws_instance_ids to easily search over all CloudTrail events for any related activity.
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-- Athena
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SELECT
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 *
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FROM panther_logs.aws_cloudtrail
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-02-01')
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 AND contains(p_any_aws_instance_ids, 'i-0c4f541ef2f82481c')
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ORDER BY p_event_time ASC
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LIMIT 100
Copied!
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-- Snowflake
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SELECT
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 *
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FROM panther_logs.public.aws_cloudtrail
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-02-01')
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 AND array_contains('i-0c4f541ef2f82481c'::variant, p_any_aws_instance_ids)
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ORDER BY p_event_time ASC
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LIMIT 100
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Show CloudTrail activity related to an AWS role
Similar to the above query, the Panther field p_any_aws_arns can be used to quickly and easily find all CloudTrail activity related to an ARN of interest (perhaps an ARN of role known to be compromised).
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-- Athena
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SELECT
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 *
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FROM panther_logs.aws_cloudtrail
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-02-01')
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 AND contains(p_any_aws_arns, 'arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/SomeRole')
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ORDER BY p_event_time ASC
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LIMIT 100
Copied!
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-- Snowflake
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SELECT
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 *
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FROM panther_logs.public.aws_cloudtrail
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-02-01')
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 AND array_contains('arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/SomeRole'::variant, p_any_aws_arns)
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ORDER BY p_event_time ASC
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LIMIT 100
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Show CloudTrail activity related to an AWS account id
This is another variation of using a Panther field to broadly query. In this case finding all CloudTrail data related to an account of interest using p_any_aws_account_ids (perhaps the account is compromised, where the concern is lateral movement).
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-- Athena
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SELECT
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 *
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FROM panther_logs.aws_cloudtrail
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-02-01')
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 AND contains(p_any_aws_account_ids, '123456789012')
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ORDER BY p_event_time ASC
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LIMIT 100
Copied!
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-- Snowflake
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SELECT
3
 *
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FROM panther_logs.public.aws_cloudtrail
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-02-01')
6
 AND array_contains('123456789012'::variant, p_any_aws_account_ids)
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ORDER BY p_event_time ASC
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LIMIT 100
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Show all instance launches in CloudTrail
Often when credentials have been breached, there is concern about an actor creating or modifying infrastructure. The below query finds all RunInstances commands. These should be reviewed for anomalous activity. For example, actors have been known to spin-up large numbers of GPU instances for bitcoin mining in compromised accounts.
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-- Athena
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SELECT
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 p_event_time,
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 p_any_aws_instance_ids
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FROM panther_logs.aws_cloudtrail
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-02-01')
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 AND eventname = 'RunInstances'
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ORDER BY p_event_time ASC
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LIMIT 100
Copied!
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-- Snowflake
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SELECT
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 p_event_time,
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 p_any_aws_instance_ids
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FROM panther_logs.public.aws_cloudtrail
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-02-01')
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 AND eventname = 'RunInstances'
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ORDER BY p_event_time ASC
9
LIMIT 100
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Rank all GuardDuty alerts by severity
GuardDuty is a valuable source of visibility into threats against your infrastructure. However, it can produce a large number of findings. This query shows the distribution of findings which be used to assess the posture of an account.
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-- Athena
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SELECT
3
 severity,
4
 count(1) AS total_rows
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FROM panther_logs.aws_guardduty
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-02-01')
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GROUP BY severity
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ORDER BY total_rows DESC
Copied!
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-- Snowflake
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SELECT
3
 severity,
4
 count(1) AS total_rows
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FROM panther_logs.public.aws_guardduty
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-02-01')
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GROUP BY severity
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ORDER BY total_rows DESC
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Rank all GuardDuty alerts by affected resources
Similar to the above example, but in this example the query characterizes the findings by ranking affected resources.
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-- Athena
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SELECT
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 json_extract(resource, '$.resourcetype') AS resource_type,
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 count(1) AS total_rows
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FROM panther_logs.aws_guardduty
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-02-01')
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GROUP BY json_extract(resource, '$.resourcetype')
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ORDER BY total_rows DESC
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-- Snowflake
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SELECT
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 resource:resourceType AS resource_type,
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 count(1) AS total_rows
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FROM panther_logs.public.aws_guardduty
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-02-01')
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GROUP BY resource:resourceType
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ORDER BY total_rows DESC
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Find the DISTINCT IP addresses communicating with an S3 bucket and rank
The misconfiguration of S3 buckets is a major threat vector. If an open bucket is detected that was not intended to be world readable, it is of critical importance to understand if there were any inappropriate accesses. This query will collect and rank all IP addresses accessing the bucket of interest. These should be reviewed to determine if any are outside your organization (if so, you may have had a data leak).
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-- Athena
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SELECT
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 remoteip,
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 count(1) AS total_rows
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FROM panther_logs.aws_s3serveraccess
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WHERE
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 p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-02-01')
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 AND
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 bucket='somebucket'
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GROUP BY remoteip
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ORDER BY total_rows DESC
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-- Snowflake
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SELECT
3
 remoteip,
4
 count(1) AS total_rows
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FROM panther_logs.public.aws_s3serveraccess
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WHERE
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 p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-02-01')
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 AND
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 bucket='somebucket'
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GROUP BY remoteip
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ORDER BY total_rows DESC
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Rank UserAgent strings over all Nginx and ALB logs
This query will characterize activity by UserAgent over ALB and Nginx logs. This can be useful in an investigation, if an actor has a known set of characteristic UserAgents.
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-- Athena
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SELECT
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 useragent,
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 sum(row_count) AS total_rows
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FROM (
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​
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SELECT
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 useragent,
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 count(1) AS row_count
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FROM panther_logs.aws_alb
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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GROUP BY useragent
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​
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UNION ALL
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​
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SELECT
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 httpuseragent AS useragent,
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 count(1) AS row_count
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FROM panther_logs.nginx_access
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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GROUP BY httpuseragent
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)
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GROUP BY useragent
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ORDER BY total_rows DESC
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-- Snowflake
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SELECT
3
 useragent,
4
 sum(row_count) AS total_rows
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FROM (
6
​
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SELECT
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 useragent,
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 count(1) AS row_count
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FROM panther_logs.public.aws_alb
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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GROUP BY useragent
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​
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UNION ALL
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​
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SELECT
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 httpuseragent AS useragent,
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 count(1) AS row_count
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FROM panther_logs.public.nginx_access
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WHERE p_occurs_between('2021-01-01', '2021-01-02')
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GROUP BY httpuseragent
22
)
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GROUP BY useragent
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ORDER BY total_rows DESC
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Scheduled Queries and Rules
Panther enables you to run queries on a schedule and, in concert with a Scheduled Rule, allows you to create detections that work over large time spans and aggregate data from multiples sources.
When possible, you should try to implement detections using Streaming Rules. Streaming Rules are low latency and less expensive compared to Scheduled Queries. However, there are cases when more context is required for a detection and then a Scheduled Query is the appropriate solution.
The examples below illustrate the kind of detections requiring a Scheduled Query and are meant as inspiration. All will require some customization to the local environment to be effective.
Your company will incur costs on your data platform every time a scheduled query runs. Please make sure that your queries can complete inside the specified timeout period.
All examples in this section use Snowflake style SQL.
Attention Athena Users: Athena (Presto) has issues with returning query results as proper JSON for complex objects. This can lead to unparsable results in Scheduled Rules where the Python rules engine will read the result as a JSON object.
To work around this limitation of Athena you should return scalar objects in your Scheduled Queries NOT complex objects. If multiple elements in a complex object are needed in the result then extract them in the SQL as separate scalar columns.
In order to write effective Scheduled Query detections you need to understand the latency of the data from the time the event is recorded until it reaches Panther. Use this information to adjust the scheduled and window of time used accordingly.
For example, AWS CloudTrail data has a latency of about 10 minutes (not due to Panther, due to AWS). If you want to analyze the last hour of data and be confident that your query is considering most of it, then schedule the query to run 15 minutes past the hour.
This is not a consideration for Panther streaming rules, since they are applied when the data is first processed as it comes into the system. Since Scheduled Queries periodically look back at accumulated data, timing considerations are important.
Let's start with a very simple end to end example to better understand the process of creating a detection using a Scheduled Query and a Scheduled Rule. Let's assume you very carefully restrict access to the AWS console to IP addresses from with company IP space. In order to verify this control you want to check that all AWS console logins have a sourceIPAddress from within this IP space. You keep a table of these IP blocks in the datalake. NOTE: this example uses a simple equality join operation and assumes that the table of IP blocks are all /32 addresses. In a realistic implementation the IP block table would have CIDR blocks and the check would be to find those not inside the CIDR blocks. This is left as an exercise for the reader.
Let's assume we schedule a rule to run every 15 minutes, checking the previous 30 minutes (we are using long window handle inherent delay in data associated with CloudTrail).
Full disclosure: you could implement this detection using a Streaming Rule if you managed the IP whitelist table in Dynamodb or S3. For very high volume log sources it will be more efficient to do a periodic batch join as below.
The SQL to detect these events is:
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SELECT
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 ct.*
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FROM
4
 panther_logs.public.aws_cloudtrail ct LEFT OUTER JOIN infrastructure.networking.egress_blocks egress
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 ON (ct.sourceIPAddress = egress.ip)
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WHERE
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 p_occurs_since('30 minutes') 
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 AND
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 ct.eventtype = 'AwsConsoleSignIn'
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 AND 
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 egress.ip IS NULL -- NOT matching!
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LIMIT 1000 -- we don't expect many of these BUT we have this here for safety!
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Note the p_occurs_since() is a Panther SQL macro to make creating Scheduled Queries easier.
Since the output of a Scheduled Query flows through a Scheduled Rule (in Python) it is important to keep the number of rows returned carefully controlled. It is recommended to always provide a LIMIT clause or use GROUP BY aggregations that return limited number of rows (less than a few thousand maximum).
To implement this you create a Saved Query with a Schedule, in this case will use a period schedule of every 30 minutes:
Console Query
Once that is running we now make a Scheduled Rule targeted at the output of the Scheduled Query:
Console Rule Desc
Console Rule
A Scheduled Rule has all the capability of a streaming rule, allowing you to customize alerts and direct the destinations. The deduping in Panther prevents alert storms, in the above rule we use the sourceIPAddress dedupe which will only create 1 alert per 30 minutes.
This pattern of joining to a list can also be used for IOC detections (keeping a table of IOCs such as TOR Exit Nodes, malware hashes ,etc).
Command and Control (C2) Beacon Detection
In this example we will create a very simple but effective behavioral detection that uses aggregation to find C2 beaconing. NOTE: this is an oversimplified detection for illustration purposes only. Using this without refinements such as whitelisting and tuning thresholds can cause excessive false positives (there are many non-malicious processes that "beacon"). That said, on well understood networks and using the appropriate whitelisting, this technique can be very effective.
We will define a C2 beacon as any IP activity that happens AT MOST 5 times day and repeats for more than 3 days. To implement that in SQL:
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WITH low_and_slow_daily_ip_activity AS (
2
SELECT
3
 date(p_event_time) as day,
4
 srcAddr as beacon_ip
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FROM
6
 panther_logs.public.aws_vpcflow
7
WHERE
8
 p_occurs_since('1 week')
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GROUP BY 1,2
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HAVING count(1) <= 5 -- only those will little activity, this requires tuning
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)
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SELECT
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 beacon_ip,
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 count(1) as days
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FROM
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 low_and_slow_daily_ip_activity
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GROUP BY 
18
 1
19
HAVING days >= 3 -- only those that have activity at least this many days
20
LIMIT 20 -- avoid alert storms!
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To implement this you create a Saved Query with a Schedule, in this case will use a cron expression to have this run at 1 minute after midnight every day:
C2 Beacon
Once that is running we now make a Scheduled Rule targeted at the output of the scheduled query:
C2 Beacon Desc
C2 Beacon Code
How Well is My Endpoint Monitoring Working?
For this hypothetical example we will assume you are using CrowdStrike as your endpoint monitoring software. Panther is configured to ingest your logs and you have a CMDB populated that maps the deployed agents to their internal associated user(s).
There are many interesting questions that can be asked of this data but for this example we will specifically ask the question: "Which endpoints have not reported ANY data in the last 24 hours?"
In CrowdStrike logs the unique id for the deployed agent is called an aid . The CMDB has a mapping of aid to reference data. For this example we will assume it has the attributes employee_name, employee_group and last_seen. The employee related attributes help identify who currently uses the endpoint and the last_seen is a timestamp we assume is updated by a backend process that tracks network activity (e.g, VPN access, DHCP leases, Authentication, liveliness detections, etc).
To answer this question we want to know which agents in the CMDB that DO have network activity in the last 24 hours but do NOT have any CrowdStrike activity, which may indicate the agent is not running or has been disabled (indicating a coverage gap). The query below will compute a report by employee group that includes the specific suspect endpoints:
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WITH active_aids AS (
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SELECT
3
 DISTINCT aid -- just match the unique agent ids
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FROM panther_logs.public.crowdstrike_aidmaster
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WHERE p_occurs_since('1 day') -- in last 24 hours of log data
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)
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SELECT
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 cmdb.employee_group,
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 count(1) AS num_inactive_endpoints,
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 ARRAY_AGG(
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 DISTINCT cmdb.aid || ' ' || cmdb.employee_name || ' ' || cmdb.employee_group
12
 ) as endpoints -- here we collect the specific endpoints
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FROM 
14
 infrastructure.inventory.cmdb AS cmdb LEFT OUTER JOIN active_aids cs USING(aid)
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WHERE
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 cs.aid IS NULL -- NOT matching any log data
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AND 
18
 cmdb.last_seen BETWEEN current_date - 1 AND current_date -- is likely active
19
GROUP BY 1
20
ORDER BY 2 desc
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To implement this you create a Saved Query with a Schedule, in this case will use a cron expression to have this run at 1 minute after midnight every day:
CrowdStrikeQuery
Once that is running we now make a Scheduled Rule targeted at the output of the scheduled query:
CrowdStrikeRule
The events associated with the alert can be reviewed by an analyst which will be at most one per employee group. The "hits" are accumulated in endpoints using the employee info for easy vetting. As with all Panther rules, you have the flexibility to customize destinations of alert. For example, if the employee_group is C-Suite then perhaps that generates a page to the oncall, while the default alerts simply go to a work queue for vetting the next day.
Unusual Okta Logins
The Okta logs provide the answers to "who", "with what device" and the "where" questions associated with an event. This information can be used to identify suspicious behavior, for example an attacker using stolen credentials.
The challenge is defining "suspicious". One way to define suspicious is deviation from normal. If we can construct a baseline for each user, then we could alert when there is a significant change.
That sounds good, but now we have to define "significant change" in a way that generates useful security findings (and not many false positives). For this example we will target significant changes to the client information that might indicate stolen credentials. NOTE: the Okta data is very rich in context, this is just one simple example of how to make use of this data.
Because of VPNs and proxies, it is often not practical to just use specific IP addresses or related geographic information to identity suspect activity. Similarly, users may change their device because they are using a new one, or they may make use of multiple devices. We expect significant variation between legitimate users. However, for any particular user we expect there to be more consistency over time.
For this example, we will characterize "normal" by computing for each actor, for up to 30 days in the past:
unique auth clients used
unique os versions used
unique devices used
unique locations used (defined as: country, state, city)
We will define events that do NOT match ANY the four dimensions as "suspicious". This means:
We will not get alerts if they get a new device.
We will not get alerts when they change location.
We will get alerts when all of the attributes change at once,
and we are assuming this is both anomalous and interesting from the security point of view.
We will also NOT consider actors unless they have at least 5 days of history, to avoid false positives from new employees.
Assume we schedule this to run once a day for the previous day.
This is just an example, and requires tuning like any other heuristic but has the benefit of being self calibrating per actor.
The SQL to compute the above is:
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WITH actor_baseline AS (
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 SELECT
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 actor:id as actor_id,
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 ARRAY_AGG (DISTINCT client:id) as client_id_list,
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 ARRAY_AGG (DISTINCT client:userAgent.os) as client_os_list,
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 ARRAY_AGG (DISTINCT client:device) as client_devices_list,
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 ARRAY_AGG (DISTINCT 
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 client:geographicalContext:country || client:geographicalContext:state || client:geographicalContext:city)
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 as client_locations_list
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 FROM
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 panther_logs.public.okta_systemlog
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 WHERE
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 p_occurs_since('30 days') 
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 GROUP BY 1
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 HAVING
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 COUNT(DISTINCT date(p_event_time)) > 5 -- at least 5 days of history
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)
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-- compare current day to baseline, returning events that do not match ANY of the baseline attributes
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SELECT
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 logs.*
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FROM
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 panther_logs.public.okta_systemlog logs JOIN actor_baseline bl ON (actor:id = bl.actor_id)
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WHERE
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 p_occurs_since('1 day') 
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 AND
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 NOT ARRAY_CONTAINS(logs.client:id::variant, bl.client_id_list)
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 AND
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 NOT ARRAY_CONTAINS(logs.client:userAgent:os::variant, bl.client_os_list)
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 AND
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 NOT ARRAY_CONTAINS(logs.client:device::variant, bl.client_devices_list)
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 AND
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 NOT ARRAY_CONTAINS(
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 (client:geographicalContext:country || 
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 client:geographicalContext:state || 
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 client:geographicalContext:city)::variant, bl.client_locations_list)
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Recomputing these baselines each time a query is run is not very efficient. In the future Panther will be supporting the ability to create summary tables so that methods such as described above can be made more efficient.
Detecting Password Spraying
Password spraying is an attack that attempts to access numerous accounts (usernames) with a few commonly used passwords. Traditional brute-force attacks attempt to gain unauthorized access to a single account by guessing the password. This can quickly result in the targeted account getting locked-out, as commonly used account-lockout policies allow for a limited number of failed attempts (typically three to five) during a set period of time. During a password-spray attack (also known as the “low-and-slow” method), the malicious actor attempts a single commonly used password (such as ‘password123’ or ‘winter2017’) against many accounts before moving on to attempt a second password, and so on. This technique allows the actor to remain undetected by avoiding rapid or frequent account lockouts.
The key to detecting this behavior is to aggregate over time and look at the diversity of usernames with failed logins. The example below uses CloudTrail but a similar technique and be used with any authentication log. The thresholds chosen will need to be tuned to the target network.
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SELECT
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 -- this information will be in the alert events
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 awsRegion as region,
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 recipientAccountId as accountid,
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 COUNT(DISTINCT useridentity:userName) as distinctUserNames,
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 COUNT(1) as failures,
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 MIN(p_event_time) as first_attempt,
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 MAX(p_event_time) as last_attempt
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FROM
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 panther_logs.public.aws_cloudtrail
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WHERE
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 -- this is Panther macro that looks back 3600 seconds (1 hour)
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 p_occurs_since('1 hour') 
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 AND
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 eventtype = 'AwsConsoleSignIn'
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 AND
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 responseElements:ConsoleLogin = 'Failure'
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GROUP BY
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 region, accountid
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HAVING
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 distinctUserNames > 5
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 AND
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 failures > 10
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Detecting DNS Tunnels
Since DNS cannot generally be blocked on most networks, DNS based data exfiltration and C2 can be extremely effective. There are many tools available to create DNS-based tunnels. Not all DNS tunnels are malicious, ironically, many anti-virus tools use DNS tunnels to send telemetry back "home". Most security-minded people find DNS tunnels un-nerving, so detecting them on your network is useful. Simple traffic analysis can easily find these tunnels but because of legitimate tunnels, this below example will require some tuning to the local environment for both thresholds and whitelisting.
We will define a potential DNS tunnel as a DNS server (port 53) that moves enough data to be interesting with an hour's time to only a few UNIQUE domains.
Assume we run this query every hour, looking back 1 hour to identify these tunnels:
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SELECT
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 account_id,
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 region,
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 vpc_id,
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 srcAddr, -- outside
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 srcIds:instance, -- inside
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​
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 COUNT(1) as message_count,
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 ARRAY_AGG(DISTINCT query_name) as query_names
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FROM
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 panther_logs.public.aws_vpcdns
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WHERE
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 p_occurs_since('1 hour')
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 AND
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 -- simple whitelisting
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 query_name NOT LIKE '%amazonaws.com'
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GROUP BY
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 1,2,3,4,5
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HAVING
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 message_count >= 1000 -- decent amount of activity in an hour
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 AND
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 ARRAY_SIZE(query_names) <= 2 -- only a small number of distinct domains (not likely a real dns server!)
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Monthly Reporting of Cloud Infrastructure
Given Panther Cloud Security can report on your AWS infrastructure, you can use the resource_history table to compute activity statistics that may be of interest to operations as well a security.
A simple example is the below report that can be scheduled run on the first of the month for the previous month to show the activity in the monitored accounts.
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WITH monthly_report AS (
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 SELECT
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 accountId,
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 changeType,
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 ARRAY_AGG(DISTINCT resourceType) as resourceTypes,
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 count(1) as objects
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 FROM
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 panther_cloudsecurity.public.resource_history
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 WHERE
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 DATE_TRUNC('MONTH', p_event_time) = DATE_TRUNC('MONTH', current_date - 1) -- all last month cuz we run on the 1st!
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 AND
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 changeType <> 'SYNC' -- these are not changes but full records
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 GROUP BY 1,2
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)
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-- we want the whole report as a single row of JSON objects we can forward in the Python rule
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SELECT
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 ARRAY_AGG(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(*)) as monthly_report
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FROM monthly_report
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Example output:
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{
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 "monthly_report": [
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 {
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 "ACCOUNTID": "34924069XXXX",
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 "CHANGETYPE": "DELETED",
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 "OBJECTS": 8,
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 "RESOURCETYPES": [
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 "AWS.IAM.Role"
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 ]
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 },
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 {
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 "ACCOUNTID": "34924069XXXX",
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 "CHANGETYPE": "MODIFIED",
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 "OBJECTS": 2388,
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 "RESOURCETYPES": [
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 "AWS.CloudTrail.Meta",
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 "AWS.S3.Bucket",
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 "AWS.CloudFormation.Stack",
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 "AWS.CloudTrail",
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 "AWS.IAM.Role"
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 ]
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 },
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 {
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 "ACCOUNTID": "34924069XXXX",
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 "CHANGETYPE": "CREATED",
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 "OBJECTS": 11,
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 "RESOURCETYPES": [
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 "AWS.IAM.Role",
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 "AWS.CloudFormation.Stack",
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 "AWS.KMS.Key"
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 ]
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 }
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 ]
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}
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The resource_history table has detail down to the specific resource, so there are variations of the above query that can be more detailed if desired.
Database Monitoring (Snowflake)
Databases holding sensitive data require extensive security monitoring as they are often targets of attack.
These queries require that Panther's read-only role has access to the snowflake.account_usage audit database (this may need to be done by the snowflake admins).
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 USE ROLE accountadmin;
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 GRANT IMPORTED PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE snowflake TO ROLE panther_readonly_role;
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This query looks for patterns of failed logins by username and should be run on a regular schedule:
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 --return users with more than 2 failed logins in the previous 24 hours
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 --this was adapted from a SnowAlert query
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 SELECT 
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 user_name,
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 reported_client_type,
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 ARRAY_AGG(DISTINCT error_code),
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 ARRAY_AGG(DISTINCT error_message),
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 COUNT(event_id) AS counts
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 FROM snowflake.account_usage.login_history
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 WHERE 1=1
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 AND DATEDIFF(HOUR, event_timestamp, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) < 24
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 AND error_code IS NOT NULL
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 GROUP BY reported_client_type, user_name
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 HAVING counts >=3;
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Snowflake failed logins by single IP looks at login attempts by IP over 24 hours and returns IPs with more than 2 failed logins. This could be scheduled to run every 24 hours to highlight potentially suspicious activity. The effectiveness of this approach may depend on how your enterprise handles company-internal IP addresses.
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 --return IPs with more than 2 failed logins in the previous 24 hours
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 --this was adapted from a SnowAlert query
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 SELECT 
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 client_ip,
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 MIN(event_timestamp) event_start,
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 MAX(event_timestamp) event_end,
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 timediff(second, event_start, event_end) as event_duration,
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 reported_client_type,
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 ARRAY_AGG(DISTINCT error_code),
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 ARRAY_AGG(DISTINCT error_message),
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 COUNT(event_id) AS counts
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 FROM snowflake.account_usage.login_history
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 WHERE 1=1
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 AND DATEDIFF(HOUR, event_timestamp, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) < 24
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 AND error_code IS NOT NULL
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 GROUP BY client_ip, reported_client_type
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 HAVING counts >= 3;
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Grants of admin rights in snowflake, looking back 7 days. This is not necessarily suspicious, but possibly something the snowflake admins could want to keep track of.
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SELECT
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 current_account() AS environment
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 , REGEXP_SUBSTR(query_text, '\\s([^\\s]+)\\s+to\\s',1,1,'ie') AS role_granted
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 , start_time AS event_time
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 , query_text AS event_data
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 , user_name AS user_name
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 , role_name
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 , query_type
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  , query_id AS query_id
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FROM snowflake.account_usage.query_history
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WHERE 1=1
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 AND DATEDIFF(DAY, start_time, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) <= 7
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 AND query_type='GRANT'
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 AND execution_status='SUCCESS'
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 AND (role_granted ILIKE '%securityadmin%' OR role_granted ILIKE '%accountadmin%' OR role_granted ILIKE '%admin%')
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